導(dǎo)語(yǔ)：如何才能寫好一篇小學(xué)英語(yǔ)演講稿，這就需要搜集整理更多的資料和文獻(xiàn)，歡迎閱讀由公務(wù)員之家整理的十篇范文，供你借鑒。

篇1

dear teacher and classmates:

i am very glad to say something here. at this time, i'd like to talk about my hobbies.

i have many hobbies. first, i like playing video games. computer games are cool. i like cs best. i could play it all day. secound, i like all kinds of sports. i like being outdoors. i love fresh air and sunshine. playing football with friends is fun. swimming in the sea is my favorite. in addition, i like to draw pictures at home. i often read comics on the bed in the evening. it's my secret. hey, buddy. please don't tell my parents. furthermore, i like music. i like singing. i ofen sing film songs while i walk in the street. of course, i learn english everyday. as you know, english is used everywhere in the world. so i learn english very hard. i hope i can travel around the world and speak english with foreigners someday. then i can talk about the beijing 2010 olympic games with them. it's my colorful dream in the english world.

there is more i like to do. there is more i want to say. maybe i can tell you more next time. thank you for listening.

篇2

good morning everyone, today is my turn to the speech. first of all, i would like to say that a quick test, we hope that the good preparation, good test for all, is the only way home for a good year. my english is not high, i wish i could within the next two years to learn english well. i hope you will be able to learn english after graduation to have a good future. finally, i wish the students and teachers a happy new year, further study and work. well! i finished the speech. thank you for listening。

大家早上好，今天是輪到我講話。首先，我要說(shuō)的是，快速測(cè)試，我們希望很好的準(zhǔn)備，良好的測(cè)試的所有，是唯一回家的路上有一個(gè)良好的一年。我的英語(yǔ)水平不高，我希望我能在未來(lái)兩年內(nèi)學(xué)好英語(yǔ)。我希望，你將能夠?qū)W習(xí)英語(yǔ)畢業(yè)后有一個(gè)美好的未來(lái)。最后，我祝愿學(xué)生和教師的快樂(lè)新的一年里，進(jìn)一步研究和工作。好!我完成了講話。謝謝你聽。

2.英語(yǔ)兩分鐘自我介紹演講稿

hello,everyone!

today i am very happy,because i can talk about with you.you see i ama lovely girl,yes!i like laughing,i like studying.that`s me-- zhuyingjie from badong shiyan primary school.i am eight. i am young but i know “we are the masters of nature.” we have only one earth. but now,the environment becomes worse and worse. as you know,there's no enough clean water for people. so many of them lose their lives because of water.if we take good care of our earth today,it will be more beautiful tomorrow.

my dear friend let us start from the trivial side,to be a good kid keeper.

3.小學(xué)英語(yǔ)3分鐘演講稿

my favourite super star is jj , he has a lovely dimple and his eyes are also very lovely . now let me tell you the story about jj .

he enterde the music indestry at the year XX , before that year ,he was only a boy who wrote songs for many super stars ,his songs were liked by many people but no one care who was the writer . he was noly hard to write songs because he like music ,he thought music has it soal , if you sing it by heart , it well be lived .

i like a song of him , it's name is cries in a distance , the song tells us ,nothing is sad if we belive the hope . he has many difficulty , but his song says , cries in a distance , can't stop the tremble , i'm just waiting my turn , hiding will never , save me forever , the guns gonne get me for sure . dear god i pray why won't you be my friend , come to me and take my hand ,like mama would say everything will be ok.

now he is not rather a shy singer and performer , the lyrical songs make him mature ,and now he is a man or not a boy .

he is a real super star with many fans ,the improve mark a big step forward confident .

4. i love english 我喜歡英語(yǔ)

i love english

my honorable teachers , my beloved schoolmates.good morning everyone，may i have your attention，please? i am glad to be able to give a lecture on this classroom. this once , i want to talk about english. my topic of conversation is that i love english.

as everyone knows,english is very important today.it has been used everywhere in the world.it has become the most common language on internet and for international trade. if we can speak english well,we will have more chance to succeed.because more and more people have taken notice of it,the number of the people who go to learn english has increased at a high speed.

but for myself,i learn english not only because of its importance and its usefulness,but also because of my love for it.when i learn english, i can feel a different way of thinking which gives me more room to touch the world.when i read english novels,i can feel the pleasure from the book which is different from reading the translation.when i speak english, i can feel the confident from my words.when i write english,i can see the beauty which is not the same as our chinese...

i love english,it gives me a colorful dream.i hope i can travel around the world one day. with my good english, i can make friends with many people from different contries.i can see many places of great intrests.i dream that i can go to london,because it is the birth place of english.

i also want to use my good english to introduce our great places to the english spoken people,i hope that they can love our country like us.

i know, rome was not built in a day. i believe that after continuous hard study, one day i can speak english very well.

if you want to be loved, you should learn to love and be lovable. so i believe as i love english everyday , it will love me too.

i am sure that i will realize my dream one day!

thank you!

5. 小學(xué)生英語(yǔ)演講比賽稿：our school我的學(xué)校

good morning, my dear teachers and friends! my name is li bingke, from class four o five. today, i am very happy to be here. my topic is “our school”.

my dear friends, welcome to our school! my school is very beautiful! it has a big playground. we can play and do some sports there. near the playground, there is a garden. many trees and flowers are there. so the air is very clean and we can hear birds singing in the trees. it is so wonderful. our teaching buildings are around the garden and look like our teachers’ arms to welcome us. we can draw pictures in the art room on the first floor and read story-books in the library on the second floor. my classroom is on the third floor. it is clean and bright. we like to study in it. the computer room is on the fifth floor. we can sing and dance in the music room on the sixth floor. what a lot of fun! we can have lunch in the canteen near defang teaching building.

n our school, our teachers work hard and help us with our lessons. we study hard and listen to teachers carefully. after class, our teachers play with us and we feel very happy.

our school is so nice and our teachers are so kind. we all love them. dear friends, do you like them?

that's all. thanks!

早上好，我親愛的老師和朋友們!我的名字是李bingke ，來(lái)自一流的四個(gè) 5 。今天，我很高興到這里來(lái)。我的主題是“我們的學(xué)校” 。

我親愛的朋友，歡迎來(lái)到我們的學(xué)校!我的學(xué)校是一個(gè)很漂亮的!它有一個(gè)大操場(chǎng)。我們可以發(fā)揮，也有一些運(yùn)動(dòng)。附近的操場(chǎng)，有一個(gè)花園。許多樹木和花草在那里。因此，空氣很干凈，我們可以聽到鳥兒在樹上歌唱。這是如此美妙。我們的教學(xué)樓是周圍的花園和看起來(lái)像我們的老師的懷抱歡迎我們。我們可以畫畫的美術(shù)室一樓和閱讀故事書在圖書館的二樓。我的教室在三樓。這是清潔和光亮。我們要研究它。電腦室是五樓。我們可以唱歌跳舞的音樂(lè)室六樓。什么有很多樂(lè)趣!我們可以在食堂午餐附近德芳教學(xué)樓。

在我們的學(xué)校，我們的教師努力工作，幫助我們與我們的經(jīng)驗(yàn)教訓(xùn)。我們努力學(xué)習(xí)，認(rèn)真聽取教師。下了課，發(fā)揮我們的教師與我們聯(lián)系，我們感到非常高興。

我們學(xué)校是太好，我們的教師是太好了。我們都愛他們。親愛的朋友們，你喜歡他們嗎?

6. a forever friend小學(xué)英語(yǔ)演講

a forever friend

sometimes in life you find a special friend

someone who change you life just by being part of it someone who makes you laugh until you can not stop

someone who makes you believe that there really is good in the word

someone who convinces you that there really is an unlocked door just waiting for you to open it

this is forever friendship

有時(shí)在生活中

您找到一個(gè)特殊的朋友 誰(shuí)改變了你的生活只是被部分

有人誰(shuí)讓你哈哈大笑，直到你不能停止 有人誰(shuí)使你相信真的有良好的文字

篇3

my favourite super star is jj , he has a lovely dimple and his eyes are also very lovely . now let me tell you the story about jj .

he enterde the music indestry at the year XX , before that year ,he was only a boy who wrote songs for many super stars ,his songs were liked by many people but no one care who was the writer . he was noly hard to write songs because he like music ,he thought music has it soal , if you sing it by heart , it well be lived .

i like a song of him , it's name is cries in a distance , the song tells us ,nothing is sad if we belive the hope . he has many difficulty , but his song says , cries in a distance , can't stop the tremble , i'm just waiting my turn , hiding will never , save me forever , the guns gonne get me for sure . dear god i pray why won't you be my friend , come to me and take my hand ,like mama would say everything will be ok.

now he is not rather a shy singer and performer , the lyrical songs make him mature ,and now he is a man or not a boy .

he is a real super star with many fans ,the improve mark a big step forward confident .

篇4

XX年11月12日，我們來(lái)到桔園，看到桔樹上掛滿了果實(shí)，黃澄澄的，十分惹人喜愛；有一些還沒(méi)有完全成熟，果皮是綠色的。遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)望去，掛在樹枝上的桔子有的高，有的低，像一個(gè)個(gè)小鈴鐺；又像一個(gè)個(gè)小燈籠，漂亮極了。當(dāng)我采桔子的時(shí)候，小桔子似乎不愿忘記大樹媽媽的養(yǎng)育之恩，牢牢地掛在樹枝上，我必須用力才能把它們摘下來(lái)。桔子又大又圓，皮非常薄，把一瓣桔子送入口中，像蜜一樣甜，微微的帶有一點(diǎn)兒酸味。我由衷（zhōng）地感到蘇州真是好山、好水、好風(fēng)光！

通過(guò)這次秋游，讓我體驗(yàn)到了豐收的喜悅和勞動(dòng)的艱辛。

autumn is lovely. it is the season of harvest. there are many oranges on the trees on tianping mountain. they were smiling at our arrival.

篇5

關(guān)鍵詞:模因論;英語(yǔ)演講;教學(xué)設(shè)計(jì)

模因論是基于達(dá)爾文進(jìn)化論解釋文化傳播的一種新理論，試圖從歷時(shí)和共時(shí)的視角對(duì)事物之間普遍聯(lián)系以及文化傳承這種特殊的進(jìn)化規(guī)律給予詮釋［1］。模因論的核心術(shù)語(yǔ)模因(meme)首次在《自私的基因》中被提到，仿造基因(gene)的構(gòu)詞法而得。基因是細(xì)胞的基本單位，模因是文化的基本單位，二者有相似之處。本文擬結(jié)合模因這一語(yǔ)言文化因素，依據(jù)布魯姆教育目標(biāo)分類法中的認(rèn)知規(guī)律設(shè)計(jì)英語(yǔ)演講教學(xué)思路，旨在為提高演講教學(xué)效果、促進(jìn)語(yǔ)言教學(xué)改革提供參考。

一、模因論與語(yǔ)言教學(xué)

在模因的復(fù)制和傳播過(guò)程中，語(yǔ)言是重要的載體，語(yǔ)言本身就是一種模因，通過(guò)語(yǔ)音、詞匯、句法和語(yǔ)篇等呈現(xiàn)出來(lái)。何自然等人早在2003年就研究了模因論與社會(huì)語(yǔ)用之間的關(guān)系，分析了語(yǔ)言的模因現(xiàn)象，指出語(yǔ)言經(jīng)過(guò)個(gè)體模仿，再?gòu)?fù)制擴(kuò)散到群體中去，如同“病毒感染”［2］。根據(jù)模因論，語(yǔ)言模因的傳播過(guò)程需經(jīng)過(guò)同化、記憶、表達(dá)和傳輸4個(gè)階段［3］。這與布魯姆教育目標(biāo)分類法的認(rèn)知階段，即識(shí)記、理解、運(yùn)用、分析、評(píng)價(jià)和創(chuàng)造［4］相契合。語(yǔ)言模因的同化和記憶階段是指模因成功地進(jìn)入新的個(gè)體記憶系統(tǒng)中，從語(yǔ)言教學(xué)視角來(lái)看，就是新的語(yǔ)言形式被學(xué)習(xí)者記憶和理解。在不斷重復(fù)和強(qiáng)化的語(yǔ)言練習(xí)過(guò)程中，這些語(yǔ)言模因?qū)λ拗鞯挠绊懽兇?，并逐漸內(nèi)化，該過(guò)程滲透著“運(yùn)用、分析、評(píng)價(jià)”等認(rèn)知活動(dòng)。最后，語(yǔ)言模因儲(chǔ)存被提取，經(jīng)過(guò)適當(dāng)“改變或創(chuàng)造”進(jìn)入能被他人感知和接收的外部世界，語(yǔ)言交際由此發(fā)生，而模因也借此機(jī)會(huì)從一個(gè)宿主傳播到一個(gè)或更多的宿主中去。模因論與語(yǔ)言文化以及教育目標(biāo)體系三維關(guān)系的建立有助于教師在英語(yǔ)教學(xué)中更好地實(shí)踐Swain提出的語(yǔ)言輸出假說(shuō)，即可理解性輸出。文秋芳教授指出這種輸出練習(xí)是語(yǔ)言習(xí)得的關(guān)鍵，學(xué)習(xí)者在該過(guò)程中不斷檢驗(yàn)?zāi)康恼Z(yǔ)語(yǔ)法、詞匯及語(yǔ)用的得體性，促進(jìn)目的語(yǔ)運(yùn)用的自主性，從而提高目的語(yǔ)水平［5］。

二、模因論與英語(yǔ)演講

教育部公布的《國(guó)家長(zhǎng)期教育改革和發(fā)展規(guī)劃綱要(2010—2020年)》明確指出，教育要適應(yīng)國(guó)家經(jīng)濟(jì)社會(huì)對(duì)外開放的要求，培養(yǎng)大批具有國(guó)際視野、通曉國(guó)際規(guī)則、能夠參與國(guó)際事務(wù)和國(guó)際競(jìng)爭(zhēng)的國(guó)際化人才，而英語(yǔ)演講所需要的語(yǔ)言文化素養(yǎng)符合這類國(guó)際化人才特質(zhì)?！坝⒄Z(yǔ)+演講”這一特殊課型，集聽、說(shuō)、讀、寫、視幾大語(yǔ)言技能為一體，在激發(fā)學(xué)生練習(xí)口語(yǔ)的積極性、增強(qiáng)表達(dá)自信心和提高表達(dá)能力等方面的有效性已被很多學(xué)者驗(yàn)證［6－8］。演講所需要的邏輯思辨能力和創(chuàng)造性思維能力，近年來(lái)也得到我國(guó)高校英語(yǔ)教育界的普遍關(guān)注［9］。從語(yǔ)言文化視角來(lái)看，語(yǔ)言模因的復(fù)制性和傳播性為英語(yǔ)演講教學(xué)提供了新的思路。模因論證實(shí)了語(yǔ)言背誦的重要性，因?yàn)榉磸?fù)記憶可以使模因深刻地儲(chǔ)存在宿主的認(rèn)知系統(tǒng)里，而經(jīng)過(guò)重組和建構(gòu)，語(yǔ)言模因又可以以不同的方式傳播，因此科學(xué)地利用模仿與背誦這些教學(xué)手段能極大地提高語(yǔ)言系統(tǒng)各模塊的學(xué)習(xí)效果，包括語(yǔ)音語(yǔ)調(diào)、語(yǔ)法結(jié)構(gòu)和詞匯句式等［10－12］。這些研究基礎(chǔ)為英語(yǔ)演講教學(xué)設(shè)計(jì)的不斷完善提供了依據(jù)。雖然基于模因論的英語(yǔ)演講教學(xué)研究日趨深入，但指導(dǎo)學(xué)生辨識(shí)和運(yùn)用語(yǔ)言模因提高英語(yǔ)演講能力的教學(xué)策略還有待探索。本文以一學(xué)期的英語(yǔ)演講教學(xué)為例，聚焦個(gè)別教學(xué)單元內(nèi)容，依據(jù)布魯姆教育目標(biāo)分類法，將語(yǔ)言模因的習(xí)得過(guò)程與認(rèn)知階段相結(jié)合，構(gòu)建英語(yǔ)演講教學(xué)設(shè)計(jì)，旨在為學(xué)生提供以語(yǔ)言模因?yàn)轵?qū)動(dòng)的自主學(xué)習(xí)路徑。

三、模因論指導(dǎo)下的教學(xué)設(shè)計(jì)

根據(jù)布魯姆教育目標(biāo)分類法，認(rèn)知過(guò)程從低級(jí)到高級(jí)分別為識(shí)記、理解、運(yùn)用、分析、評(píng)價(jià)和創(chuàng)造?；谀Ｒ蛘摰挠⒄Z(yǔ)演講教學(xué)設(shè)計(jì)旨在幫助學(xué)生辨識(shí)、理解和記憶優(yōu)質(zhì)的演講語(yǔ)言模因，繼而指導(dǎo)學(xué)生創(chuàng)造新的語(yǔ)言模因，組織演講語(yǔ)篇。其中，開展課堂思辨活動(dòng)尤為必要，學(xué)生在運(yùn)用演講模因過(guò)程中分析和評(píng)估語(yǔ)言的適切性和得體性，完成了認(rèn)知的高階訓(xùn)練。筆者基于多年英語(yǔ)演講教學(xué)經(jīng)驗(yàn)，根據(jù)自然語(yǔ)言中教育和知識(shí)傳授、語(yǔ)言本身的運(yùn)用及信息的交際和交流這3種模因傳播途徑，實(shí)踐了一學(xué)期演講教學(xué)。教學(xué)設(shè)計(jì)由以下3個(gè)階段組成:

(一)語(yǔ)言模因的理解階段

語(yǔ)言模因首先需要被宿主注意、理解和接受［13］。在英語(yǔ)演講學(xué)習(xí)中，教師首先要指導(dǎo)學(xué)生根據(jù)演講交際功能分辨優(yōu)質(zhì)的語(yǔ)言模因，繼而幫助學(xué)生理解和記憶。以教學(xué)單元主題“演講開篇”為例，StephenLucas在教材《演講的藝術(shù)》中列出4項(xiàng)交際目標(biāo)［14］，如表1所示。我們選取楊瀾的演講CulturalProgramsandthe2008OlympicGames開篇部分作為分析案例，將其中有助于構(gòu)建語(yǔ)義關(guān)系和增強(qiáng)篇章意義連貫性的語(yǔ)言模因及與之對(duì)應(yīng)的交際策略進(jìn)行歸納整理(表2)。學(xué)生在掌握演講開篇的交際目標(biāo)和策略之后，辨識(shí)、理解和整理?xiàng)顬懷葜v相應(yīng)的語(yǔ)言模因，包括詞組和句式。對(duì)于這種簡(jiǎn)單的認(rèn)知活動(dòng)，學(xué)生可以在課前或課后的自主學(xué)習(xí)中進(jìn)行，教師利用線上教學(xué)平臺(tái)或者線下課堂給予及時(shí)反饋，進(jìn)一步解釋與補(bǔ)充語(yǔ)言模因。

(二)語(yǔ)言模因的復(fù)制階段

模因論的核心是復(fù)制傳播，因此背誦在英語(yǔ)演講教學(xué)中的作用凸顯。與傳統(tǒng)的背誦不同的是，演講模因的復(fù)制要與不同的語(yǔ)境相結(jié)合，宿主對(duì)模因的記憶有較明顯的選擇性，繼而組成新的模因語(yǔ)塊和句型來(lái)實(shí)現(xiàn)交際目的。教師圍繞單元主題，篩選恰當(dāng)?shù)难葜v案例，在進(jìn)行“輸入性”語(yǔ)言模因的分析和梳理后，引導(dǎo)學(xué)生有效利用自己的感性經(jīng)驗(yàn)選擇語(yǔ)篇中符合教學(xué)主題的語(yǔ)言部分進(jìn)行背誦，這個(gè)階段融入了“分析”這一教育目標(biāo)，為后期的語(yǔ)言“運(yùn)用和創(chuàng)造”奠定基礎(chǔ)。以馬丁·路德·金的演講“IHaveaDream”為例，選取最后以“Ihaveadreamthat．．．”為首句的若干段落，組織學(xué)生從邏輯層面對(duì)段落內(nèi)容進(jìn)行討論，分析得出:演講者對(duì)“dream”的表述是按照空間范疇由大到小排列，從“國(guó)家”到“佐治亞紅山區(qū)”，再到“密西西比州”，最后是“自己的家”，但都圍繞“種族平等”這一核心進(jìn)行。這種句式并列、內(nèi)容遞進(jìn)的演講不僅能夠打動(dòng)受眾，其內(nèi)在邏輯和關(guān)聯(lián)也能幫助學(xué)習(xí)者理解和記憶。教師可以進(jìn)一步啟發(fā)學(xué)生探索性地闡述“whatismydream”，嘗試復(fù)制相似的句式和修辭手法。復(fù)制語(yǔ)言模因并不是簡(jiǎn)單機(jī)械地背誦，而是要融入理解和分析的認(rèn)知過(guò)程。學(xué)生根據(jù)演講教學(xué)主題，將語(yǔ)言的形式、內(nèi)容和演講交際功能結(jié)合起來(lái)，整理和記憶演講模因。

(三)語(yǔ)言模因的應(yīng)用和創(chuàng)造階段

經(jīng)過(guò)前面兩個(gè)階段，學(xué)生接收了大量演講模因的輸入，積累了許多標(biāo)準(zhǔn)語(yǔ)塊和句式，進(jìn)一步建構(gòu)自己的演講語(yǔ)篇，學(xué)習(xí)認(rèn)知過(guò)程進(jìn)入“運(yùn)用和創(chuàng)造”階段。以信息類演講主題“介紹我的家鄉(xiāng)”為例，學(xué)生借鑒楊瀾演講的開篇語(yǔ)言模因進(jìn)行演講表達(dá)。學(xué)生原始撰寫:“Welcometomyhome-town×××．Therearebigmountainsandthescen-eryisverybeautiful．Ibelievethatyouwilllikethemverymuch．Myhometownisfamousfortra-ditionalactivities，suchasdragondanceandparadeinancientcostumes．Peoplegetcrowdedthenandyouwillgetexcitedaboutit．”?；谘葜v模因仿寫:“Youaregoingtohaveagreattimeinmyhometown×××．Manypeoplearefascinatedbythebeautifulmountainousscenery．Therearealotmorewonderfulandexcitingeventswaitingforyou，suchasdragondanceandparadeinancientcostumeswhichwillamazeyouanddelightyou．”。從仿寫部分的英語(yǔ)句式和詞匯、短語(yǔ)使用不難看出，基于模因的再創(chuàng)造使得演講表達(dá)更準(zhǔn)確和精練，語(yǔ)言內(nèi)容也更豐富。借鑒優(yōu)質(zhì)的模因語(yǔ)塊可以彌補(bǔ)外語(yǔ)習(xí)得者構(gòu)建目的語(yǔ)時(shí)的欠缺和不足。在教師的指導(dǎo)下反復(fù)進(jìn)行“運(yùn)用和創(chuàng)造”這個(gè)高階認(rèn)知訓(xùn)練后，學(xué)生能增強(qiáng)組織目的語(yǔ)的敏感度。此外，課堂小組討論和同伴評(píng)價(jià)活動(dòng)也有助于學(xué)生使用語(yǔ)言模因并進(jìn)行分析和反思。

四、教學(xué)效果及反思

(一)教學(xué)效果

1．學(xué)生語(yǔ)言準(zhǔn)確度提高90%以上的同學(xué)在期末課堂反思報(bào)告中反饋，按照交際功能對(duì)演講范例中的語(yǔ)言模因進(jìn)行歸納、整理和記憶，有助于提高演講語(yǔ)言輸出的準(zhǔn)確性和豐富性，緩解了“有內(nèi)容但不知道如何組織目的語(yǔ)”的壓力，“積累和背誦”也增加了語(yǔ)言實(shí)踐。課堂演講活動(dòng)也反映出，經(jīng)過(guò)模因式教學(xué)指導(dǎo)后，學(xué)生的語(yǔ)言學(xué)習(xí)和模仿不再盲目。優(yōu)質(zhì)的模因語(yǔ)塊和句式在不同演講主題和情境中反復(fù)出現(xiàn)，語(yǔ)句銜接更有邏輯性和條理性。在演講模因重組和傳播的過(guò)程中，學(xué)生在教師反饋和同伴評(píng)價(jià)中不斷反思和修正自己的表達(dá)，形成批判性思維和創(chuàng)造性思維。2．學(xué)生演講交際意識(shí)增強(qiáng)演講不是單向的語(yǔ)言表達(dá)，應(yīng)重視交際效果，需要演講者緊扣交際目的，引發(fā)和促進(jìn)互動(dòng)，從而形成動(dòng)態(tài)語(yǔ)境。模因教學(xué)以小見大，圍繞詞匯、句式和語(yǔ)篇，引導(dǎo)學(xué)生以交際效果為導(dǎo)向，關(guān)注開篇、結(jié)尾及段落銜接等，體現(xiàn)了教學(xué)的整體性和系統(tǒng)性。課后，鼓勵(lì)學(xué)生以TEDTalks為例，按照科學(xué)、文化、藝術(shù)、生活和個(gè)人成長(zhǎng)等主題，根據(jù)個(gè)人興趣查找演講資料，在興趣的驅(qū)動(dòng)下積累演講語(yǔ)言模因，有效吸收、復(fù)制、創(chuàng)造和傳播語(yǔ)言模因變體，不斷增強(qiáng)自我學(xué)習(xí)能力。

(二)教學(xué)反思

教學(xué)設(shè)計(jì)尚處于初級(jí)探索階段，一學(xué)期的教學(xué)實(shí)踐不足以全面、客觀地論證模因論在演講教學(xué)中的積極作用，還需要將模因論的指導(dǎo)策略落實(shí)到每一個(gè)教學(xué)單元，反復(fù)實(shí)踐。教學(xué)評(píng)價(jià)體系也應(yīng)重視模因?qū)W習(xí)反饋，充分考量學(xué)生在課前預(yù)習(xí)和課后作業(yè)中理解和記憶語(yǔ)言模因的能力。要提高模因辨識(shí)敏感度和語(yǔ)言的復(fù)制能力，學(xué)生需要大量的視聽和閱覽實(shí)踐，而課堂教學(xué)時(shí)間有限，教師需要引導(dǎo)學(xué)生加強(qiáng)自主學(xué)習(xí)，并建立相應(yīng)的評(píng)價(jià)體系。學(xué)生在反思報(bào)告中提出，具有較高思辨性的說(shuō)服類和辯論類講稿的語(yǔ)言模因應(yīng)用難度較大，即興演講和回答問(wèn)題時(shí)語(yǔ)言模因的運(yùn)用和再創(chuàng)造更富有挑戰(zhàn)性，這說(shuō)明教學(xué)設(shè)計(jì)需要在強(qiáng)化學(xué)生語(yǔ)言模因的綜合應(yīng)用及提高學(xué)生邏輯思辨能力方面進(jìn)行調(diào)整。促進(jìn)學(xué)生更有效地內(nèi)化目的語(yǔ)和傳播語(yǔ)言模因?qū)⑹俏覀兘窈蟮哪繕?biāo)。

五、結(jié)語(yǔ)

篇6

Dear teachers and schoolmates:

I’m very happy to give a lecture in English here today. The title of speech is I Love English. As everyone knows,English is very important today.It has been used everywhere in the world.It has become the most common language on Internet and for international trade. If we can speak English well,we will have more chance to succeed.Because more and more people have taken notice of it,the number of the people who go to learn English has increased at a high speed. But for myself,I learn English not only because of its importance and its usefulness,but also because of my love for it.When I learn English, I can feel a different way of thinking which gives me more room to touch the world.When I read English novels,I can feel the pleasure from the book which is different from reading the translation.When I speak English, I can feel the confident from my words.When I write English,I can see the beauty which is not the same as our Chinese... I love English,it gives me a colorful dream.I hope I can travel around the world one day. With my good English, I can make friends with many people from different contries.I can see many places of great intrests.I dream that I can go to London,because it is the birth place of English. I also want to use my good English to introduce our great places to the English spoken people,I hope that they can love our country like us. I know, Rome was not built in a day. I believe that after continuous hard study, one day I can speak English very well. If you want to be loved, you should learn to love and be lovable. So I believe as I love English everyday , it will love me too. I am sure that I will realize my dream one day! Thank you!

我喜歡英語(yǔ)

篇7

英語(yǔ)資源網(wǎng)權(quán)威小學(xué)生英語(yǔ)演講稿：An Unforgettable Challenge，更多小學(xué)生英語(yǔ)演講稿相關(guān)信息請(qǐng)?jiān)L問(wèn)英語(yǔ)資源網(wǎng)。 【導(dǎo)語(yǔ)】學(xué)習(xí)英語(yǔ)貴在堅(jiān)持，找到適合自己的方法，多運(yùn)用多溫故。整理了大量英語(yǔ)學(xué)習(xí)資源，一起來(lái)看看吧！

An Unforgettable Challenge

When I was ten years old, I began to chat with foreigners. But I was very shy. Gradually, I became more and more confident with foreigners’ help. The following year, I went to Yangzhou with two foreigners. I became their guide. First, we came into the Shouxi River. They wanted to look around the river by boat. I told them the price. Then we got into the boat. When we looked out at the sight, we all felt very beautiful. After that, they went to buy souvenirs. The sellers couldn’t speak English. Though it was very hard, I tried my best to listen to their words carefully and translate the sentences. They bought some souvenirs with my help. Next, we went to a small zoo, and we took some photos. There were not many animals. When we felt hungry, we went out and had lunch. After lunch, we visited some old houses. They learned more about Chinese history.

This wasn’t only a big challenge but also an unforgettable challenge. This opportunity made me confident and brave. I hope I can catch many opportunities in the future, then I can speak English, because I think practice makes perfect.

篇8

good morning, my dear teachers and friends! my name is li bingke, from class four o five. today, i am very happy to be here. my topic is “our school”.

my dear friends, welcome to our school! my school is very beautiful! it has a big playground. we can play and do some sports there. near the playground, there is a garden. many trees and flowers are there. so the air is very clean and we can hear birds singing in the trees. it is so wonderful. our teaching buildings are around the garden and look like our teachers’ arms to welcome us. we can draw pictures in the art room on the first floor and read story-books in the library on the second floor. my classroom is on the third floor. it is clean and bright. we like to study in it. the computer room is on the fifth floor. we can sing and dance in the music room on the sixth floor. what a lot of fun! we can have lunch in the canteen near defang teaching building.

in our school, our teachers work hard and help us with our lessons. we study hard and listen to teachers carefully. after class, our teachers play with us and we feel very happy.

our school is so nice and our teachers are so kind. we all love them. dear friends, do you like them?

that's all. thanks!

篇9

i have many hobbies. first， i like playing video games. computer games are cool. i like cs best. i could play it all day. secound， i like all kinds of sports. i like being outdoors. i love fresh air and sunshine. playing football with friends is fun. swimming in the sea is my favorite. in addition， i like to draw pictures at home. i often read comics on the bed in the evening. it's my secret. hey， buddy. please don't tell my parents. furthermore， i like music. i like singing. i ofen sing film songs while i walk in the street. of course， i learn english everyday. as you know， english is used everywhere in the world. so i learn english very hard. i hope i can travel around the world and speak english with foreigners someday. then i can talk about the beijing 2008 olympic games with them. it's my colorful dream in the english world.

there is more i like to do. there is more i want to say. maybe i can tell you more next time. thank you for listening.

-

小學(xué)英語(yǔ)演講稿:my hobbies

Dear teacher and classmates:

I am very glad to say something here. At this time， I'd like to talk about my hobbies.

I have many hobbies. First， I like playing video games. Computer games are cool. I like CS best. I could play it all day. Secound， I like all kinds of sports. I like being outdoors. I love fresh air and sunshine. Playing football with friends is fun. Swimming in the sea is my favorite. In addition， I like to draw pictures at home. I often read comics on the bed in the evening. It's my secret. Hey， buddy. Please don't tell my parents. Furthermore， I like music. I like singing. I ofen sing film songs while I walk in the street. Of course， I learn English everyday. As you know， English is used everywhere in the world. So I learn English very hard. I hope I can travel around the world and speak English with foreigners someday. Then I can talk about the Beijing 2008 Olympic Games with them. It's my colorful dream in the English world.

There is more I like to do. There is more I want to say. Maybe I can tell you more next time. Thank you for listening.

我的愛好

親愛的老師和同學(xué)們：

我很高興在這里說(shuō)幾句話。在這個(gè)時(shí)候，我想談?wù)勎业氖群谩?/p>

篇10

Bachman提出要把“情景真實(shí)性”和“交際真實(shí)性”作為開發(fā)、評(píng)價(jià)測(cè)試項(xiàng)目的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。[1]“情景真實(shí)性”（Situational authenticity）是指命制的考題特征要與目的語(yǔ)使用的情景特征一致；“交際真實(shí)性”強(qiáng)調(diào)測(cè)試中，考生與測(cè)試任務(wù)之間要有交際關(guān)系（interaction）。孫勇、孟慶忠（2013）指出，命制的試題要“知識(shí)性與規(guī)范性相統(tǒng)一、可讀性與思想性相統(tǒng)一、人文性與生活性相統(tǒng)一、客觀性與時(shí)代性相統(tǒng)一”。[2]國(guó)內(nèi)外學(xué)者提出的測(cè)試?yán)碚摓槊}提供了依據(jù)和標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。

揚(yáng)州市中考英語(yǔ)主要包括單項(xiàng)選擇、完形填空、閱讀理解、詞匯、句子翻譯、首字母短文填詞、任務(wù)型閱讀和書面表達(dá)項(xiàng)。現(xiàn)將命題中的常見問(wèn)題按中考題型分類進(jìn)行分析。

一、知識(shí)考查缺乏情境

【案例1】一道單項(xiàng)選擇題

（ ）You can see modern buildings on both of the streets.

A.sides B.side C.side’s D.sides’

【思考分析】案例1的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)答案是A， 但是學(xué)生無(wú)需閱讀題干就可以根據(jù)both修飾名詞復(fù)數(shù)選擇sides。在調(diào)研中筆者發(fā)現(xiàn)很多類似缺乏語(yǔ)境的題目。隨著新課標(biāo)的實(shí)施，知識(shí)考查越來(lái)越注重在真實(shí)語(yǔ)境中的理解、運(yùn)用。上述試題折射出詞匯教學(xué)偏重記憶和詞法的理念，容易導(dǎo)致學(xué)生學(xué)習(xí)詞匯時(shí)機(jī)械記憶、死扣語(yǔ)法，不利于培養(yǎng)活學(xué)活用詞匯的能力。該題可改為：

You can see many modern buildings on both of Wenhe Road.

或You can see many modern buildings on both of Wenhe Road.

A.directions B.sides C.places D.parts （Wenhe Road是一條揚(yáng)州市區(qū)的路名）

【命題建議】對(duì)于知識(shí)的考查，命題應(yīng)突出“注重基礎(chǔ)，強(qiáng)調(diào)運(yùn)用，突出能力”的指導(dǎo)思想，教師要淡化對(duì)詞匯、句型和語(yǔ)法規(guī)則的機(jī)械性記憶的考查，要注重試題的語(yǔ)境化設(shè)置，注重語(yǔ)言知識(shí)綜合運(yùn)用的考查。題干編寫最好來(lái)自實(shí)際語(yǔ)言交流的自然篇章（naturally-occurring discourse），為考生提供具有真實(shí)性的語(yǔ)境和足夠的信息。[3]

1.以教材話題、人物設(shè)置情境

教師要認(rèn)真鉆研教材，根據(jù)教材中的語(yǔ)料編制具有教材情境的練習(xí)或考題。如：

（ ）1.Mandeep can go to school now. UNICEF has paid for her .（8B Unit4）

petition B.vacation

C.education D.invention

（ ）2. Wearing white can help people when they feel stressed. （9A Unit2）

A.fall down B.look down

C.calm down e down

2.以地方時(shí)事、風(fēng)土人情設(shè)置情境

命題力求設(shè)在具有地方特色或者與新聞?dòng)嘘P(guān)的題干中考查學(xué)生根據(jù)上下文運(yùn)用知識(shí)的能力，體現(xiàn)一定的地方性和時(shí)代性。如：

（ ）The First Huaguoshan Golf Open was success that we enjoyed ourselves.（2012，連云港）

A.such a great B.a such great

C.so a great D.a so great

Since （古老的） time， Yangzhou has been an ideal tourist city.

You can spend a little money （租用）a bicycle to ride around Yangzhou.

Zhang Yongshou， a great paper-cutting master in Yangzhou， could cut different （形狀） of flowers and butterflies.

上述試題的題干貼近學(xué)生生活，學(xué)生讀題時(shí)會(huì)感覺熟悉，降低答題時(shí)的緊張焦慮感。真實(shí)的語(yǔ)料還引起學(xué)生與試題的互動(dòng)，具有交際性。

二、能力考查凸顯不夠

語(yǔ)言運(yùn)用能力的考查是中考命題的重點(diǎn)，該類考查題在各地中考中比例逐年增加。然而很多教師命制能力考題時(shí)還是習(xí)慣于摳語(yǔ)法點(diǎn)和固定搭配，不能真正考查學(xué)生通過(guò)上下文進(jìn)行推理的能力和綜合語(yǔ)言運(yùn)用能力。

【案例2】首字母短文填詞片段

How can you g 1 along with your teachers？ First， don’t be late for school. H 2 in your homework on time. Second， take an interest in the subject. Even if you are not g 3 at maths or English， you should do your b 4 to learn it and show your teacher that you are a hard-working student. A good relationship with your teachers will help you now and in the f 5.

【思考與分析】這是一所學(xué)校期中測(cè)試卷的首字母短文填詞，這篇短文沒(méi)有體現(xiàn)首字母短文填詞的考查原則，學(xué)生可以不閱讀短文，就能根據(jù)短語(yǔ)和固定搭配填詞。1.get along with； 2.hand in； 3.be good at； 4.do one’s best； 5.in the future. 首字母短文填詞主要考查學(xué)生對(duì)語(yǔ)篇的整體把握能力、對(duì)語(yǔ)言信息的綜合處理能力、對(duì)詞匯、語(yǔ)法和習(xí)慣用法的掌握情況和在特定的語(yǔ)境中正確運(yùn)用詞匯的能力。[4]從命題內(nèi)容來(lái)看，短文填詞融合了詞匯、固定短語(yǔ)、語(yǔ)境、生活常識(shí)以及文化素養(yǎng)等多個(gè)層次的要求；從能力要求來(lái)看，短文填詞更注重英語(yǔ)知識(shí)的綜合應(yīng)用。[5]

【命題建議】教師命制“首字母短文填詞”，首先要注意首尾句不要設(shè)空，以保證學(xué)生閱讀的信息量。命題中要注意體現(xiàn)突出“語(yǔ)境中考查詞匯”的特點(diǎn)，要選擇那些文章的重要信息的關(guān)鍵詞來(lái)設(shè)空，主要考查動(dòng)詞、介詞、形容詞和副詞、名詞的單復(fù)數(shù)、習(xí)慣搭配等。

下文中的短文填詞很好地考查了學(xué)生的語(yǔ)篇理解能力。如第3、4兩題，“在火星上人們很難進(jìn)行對(duì)話因?yàn)槁曇魝鞑ゲ豢臁?。學(xué)生必須閱讀下文，根據(jù)“在地球上尖叫聲能傳播1公里多，而同樣的尖叫聲在火星上最多只能傳播15米”才能填出difficult， fast， scream， most等詞。

Have you ever thought of living on Mars？ Our Earth is becoming more and more c 1 . And at the same time there’s terrible pollution here. If we move to Mars， things will probably c2 . However， it may be d 3 for people to have a conversation there， because sound doesn’t travel very f 4 on Mars. The low pressure（氣壓） makes it so. For example， a sound by a human s 5 on Earth can travel a little over a kilometre. But on Mars， the sound from that same scream will only move 15 metres at m 6...

“首字母短文填詞”是中考失分較多的題型，教師要在平時(shí)的練習(xí)題中認(rèn)真分析和利用教材，選擇教材中的Comic Strip， Reading， Integrated Skills， Grammar， Main Task等部分的語(yǔ)篇材料，改編成短文填詞，讓學(xué)生在熟悉的語(yǔ)料中訓(xùn)練這種題型，增強(qiáng)學(xué)生的自信心和成功感。

三、閱讀理解考查偏重表層信息

筆者發(fā)現(xiàn)，在一些練習(xí)和考卷中，閱讀理解題的選項(xiàng)設(shè)計(jì)存在很大問(wèn)題，題目的設(shè)置偏重表層信息題，選項(xiàng)過(guò)多使用文章中的原句。學(xué)生無(wú)需閱讀原文，只要帶著題干到短文中找尋原句，就能解題，缺少推理判斷題和主旨大意題的訓(xùn)練。不少教師仍然經(jīng)常采用判斷題（True or False），如：

【案例3】我市某校初二英語(yǔ)期中測(cè)試題

根據(jù)上面短文的內(nèi)容判斷下列句子的正誤，正確的用“T”表示，錯(cuò)誤的用“F”表示。

1.Sally tried her best to learn maths but could not learn it well.

2.Sally spent much more time in singing and dancing than in learning maths.

3.Her aunt didn’t think that girls could be good at maths.

4.The father asked his sister to teach his daughter how to learn maths.

5.Sally worked out the problem at last.

【思考與分析】案例3中，題目設(shè)置信息表達(dá)簡(jiǎn)單，考查類型過(guò)于單一，都是考查的表層信息題，而且題目的答案只有兩個(gè)可能，非此即彼，非正即誤，這樣的題目設(shè)置沒(méi)有考查學(xué)生理解、判斷、邏輯推理的能力。

閱讀理解的水平分為三個(gè)層次，即表層閱讀（reading the lines）、推斷閱讀（reading between the lines）和評(píng)價(jià)性閱讀（reading beyond the lines），題型的設(shè)計(jì)可以參照這種分類。[6]教師在命題時(shí)要注意兼顧這三個(gè)閱讀理解層次的考查。如案例4：

【案例4】Some old machines， such as a broken radio or TV set that you give your child to play with， will make him curious（好奇的） and improve his interest. He will spend hours looking at them， trying to fix them. Your child might become an engineer when he grows up. These activities are not only teaching a child to read a book， but rather to think， to use his mind. And that is more important. （因篇幅有限，此處只選取閱讀材料片段）

55.Most Chinese parents don’t realize .

A.how much the best education is

B.when their children should be educated

C.what children really need in later life

D.why school tests can’t satisfy children

56.What is the main idea of the last paragraph？

A.Broken things are useful for children.

B.Interest is necessary for everything.

C.Learning to think is very important.

D.Using hands helps improve thinking ability.

57.The writer’s attitude towards children’s education is that .

A.The cheaper an education is， the better it is.

B.Children today should learn different skills.

C.Practical skills are helpful to children’s growth.

D.School education can’t meet parents’ expectations.

【命題建議】55題考查學(xué)生對(duì)于文章細(xì)節(jié)信息的理解，屬細(xì)節(jié)題；56題考查學(xué)生對(duì)于文章最后一段的大意把握，屬主旨題；57題要求學(xué)生推測(cè)“作者對(duì)于兒童教育的態(tài)度是什么”，屬推斷題。這樣的閱讀訓(xùn)練不但培養(yǎng)學(xué)生獲取文章直接、表層信息的能力，而且培養(yǎng)學(xué)生根據(jù)文章的字面意義并結(jié)合語(yǔ)篇結(jié)構(gòu)和內(nèi)容的邏輯關(guān)系，推理、判斷隱藏信息的能力。[7]

教師在閱讀理解命題時(shí)要注意以下幾點(diǎn)：（1）所選閱讀材料要貼近學(xué)生生活實(shí)際，具有一定的真實(shí)性、思想性和趣味性；（2）各選項(xiàng)形式、長(zhǎng)度、結(jié)構(gòu)基本保持一致；（3）選項(xiàng)的干擾性。教師要抓住閱讀材料的關(guān)鍵信息設(shè)題，使用簡(jiǎn)潔的語(yǔ)言概括文章中的主要信息，設(shè)置選項(xiàng)。選項(xiàng)要與原文表述有一定的變化和區(qū)別；（4）重點(diǎn)考查學(xué)生獲取信息、處理信息的能力，題目的設(shè)置應(yīng)包括事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題、推理判斷題、主旨大意概括、推測(cè)作者意圖、語(yǔ)篇結(jié)構(gòu)以及猜測(cè)詞義和詞語(yǔ)指代關(guān)系等等；（5）不要單一的選用選擇題的形式，適當(dāng)增加任務(wù)型閱讀題（如信息匹配題、排序題、閱讀填空題、閱讀回答問(wèn)題等），以便多方面、多角度考查學(xué)生的閱讀能力和綜合語(yǔ)言運(yùn)用能力。

四、書面表達(dá)開放性不夠

【案例5】某校九年級(jí)書面表達(dá)題

你們學(xué)校將要舉行一次英語(yǔ)演講比賽，題目是“Fun with Films”，請(qǐng)你根據(jù)下表所提供的信息完成演講稿，講述看電影給你帶來(lái)的種種快樂(lè)。

【思考與分析】書面表達(dá)是各地中考的必考題型，主要考查學(xué)生以筆頭形式進(jìn)行信息溝通、再現(xiàn)生活經(jīng)歷、描述周圍事物、發(fā)表意見和觀點(diǎn)的綜合語(yǔ)言運(yùn)用能力。[8]案例5是我市某學(xué)校9A 4-6單元測(cè)試卷的書面表達(dá)原題，題目給學(xué)生提供了很多信息，要求學(xué)生根據(jù)信息完成作文。原題能夠圍繞學(xué)生的生活實(shí)際，以“Fun with Films”為題，這個(gè)選題具有一定的真實(shí)性。學(xué)生都有自己喜歡的電影和明星，有自己難忘的一次看電影經(jīng)歷，與教材9A Unit4-6三個(gè)單元的影視話題相符。學(xué)生在教材中獲取了大量關(guān)于電視和電影的語(yǔ)言輸入，所以有話可說(shuō)。

然而，過(guò)多的提示信息束縛了學(xué)生的思維，試題缺少了應(yīng)有的開放性，書面表達(dá)題變成了翻譯題，沒(méi)有能考查學(xué)生運(yùn)用所學(xué)語(yǔ)言表達(dá)觀點(diǎn)的能力。筆者認(rèn)為可以把案例5改成半開放性考題：你們學(xué)校將要舉行一次英語(yǔ)演講比賽，題目是“Fun with Films”，請(qǐng)你圍繞“每周或每月看電影的次數(shù)、最喜歡的電影及理由、一次看電影的經(jīng)歷、最喜歡的電影明星、你的夢(mèng)想”完成演講稿，講述看電影給你帶來(lái)的種種快樂(lè)。這樣，既保證了試題的開放性，又適當(dāng)控制學(xué)生的答題，避免學(xué)生過(guò)多自由發(fā)揮，保證了考試的效度。

【命題建議】書面表達(dá)主要考查學(xué)生的綜合語(yǔ)言運(yùn)用能力，體現(xiàn)“用英語(yǔ)做事”的理念。在設(shè)計(jì)時(shí)教師要遵循以下流程：

1.選擇話題。教師選擇話題時(shí)要注意聯(lián)系教材內(nèi)容和課標(biāo)話題，緊密聯(lián)系學(xué)生生活實(shí)際，體現(xiàn)任務(wù)的真實(shí)性。

2.設(shè)計(jì)引語(yǔ)。引語(yǔ)部分要能調(diào)動(dòng)學(xué)生積極性，激發(fā)學(xué)生寫作的熱情和興趣，并提出文章要求。如揚(yáng)州市2012年中考題：隨著網(wǎng)絡(luò)技術(shù)的不斷發(fā)展，人們傳遞情感的方式也在不斷變化。假如你叫王強(qiáng)，上周你就“使用紙質(zhì)卡片還是電子卡片？”在班級(jí)展開了一項(xiàng)調(diào)查。請(qǐng)你給China Daily報(bào)社寫一封信，介紹此次調(diào)查的結(jié)果并發(fā)表你的觀點(diǎn)。

3.組織要點(diǎn)。為了便于閱卷，統(tǒng)一標(biāo)準(zhǔn)和要求，中考書面表達(dá)一般采用半開放性試題，既保證試題的開放性，便于學(xué)生發(fā)揮想象，自由創(chuàng)作，又借助要點(diǎn)限制考試內(nèi)容，讓學(xué)生在限制的范圍內(nèi)發(fā)揮。如下表：

4.完善要求。教師需要在要點(diǎn)后給學(xué)生寫作字?jǐn)?shù)等作出明確要求，便于學(xué)生掌握和對(duì)照寫作和修改。如：1）表達(dá)清楚，語(yǔ)法正確，上下文連貫；2）必須包括所有相關(guān)信息，并作適當(dāng)發(fā)揮；3）詞數(shù)：100詞左右（信的開頭和結(jié)尾已給出，不計(jì)入總詞數(shù)）；4）不得使用真實(shí)姓名、校名和地名等。

5.寫作范文。教師寫作范文，是為了設(shè)身處地從學(xué)生的角度檢查試題，如要點(diǎn)表達(dá)學(xué)生有無(wú)困難，自由發(fā)揮部分會(huì)有哪些不同的可能，學(xué)生根據(jù)提示信息完成的文章大概會(huì)有多少字，需要增加還是減少要點(diǎn)信息等等。

6.修改要求。根據(jù)寫作范文時(shí)發(fā)現(xiàn)的問(wèn)題調(diào)整要點(diǎn)信息，最后定稿。

命題是一個(gè)復(fù)雜而細(xì)致的工作，好的命題應(yīng)遵循課標(biāo)理念和思想，密切聯(lián)系教材和學(xué)生生活實(shí)際，以學(xué)生為本，做到基礎(chǔ)知識(shí)與能力考查并重。命題應(yīng)遵循真實(shí)性、交際性、開放性、趣味性、思想性等原則，真正考查學(xué)生運(yùn)用語(yǔ)言的能力，使測(cè)試具備較高的效度和信度。英語(yǔ)教師要多研究中考題，既了解考試的趨勢(shì)，也學(xué)習(xí)命題的要求和技巧。英語(yǔ)教師要通過(guò)嘗試原創(chuàng)命題提高自己的命題能力，并從命題看到背后的教學(xué)理念，改進(jìn)自己的教學(xué)行為和學(xué)生的學(xué)習(xí)方式，使教學(xué)與測(cè)試形成良性的循環(huán)促進(jìn)效應(yīng)。

參考文獻(xiàn)：

[1][3]劉潤(rùn)清，韓寶成.語(yǔ)言測(cè)試和它的方法[M].北京：外語(yǔ)教學(xué)與研究出版社，2000.

[2]孫勇，孟慶忠.命制高考英語(yǔ)模擬試卷應(yīng)關(guān)注的幾個(gè)問(wèn)題[J].中小學(xué)英語(yǔ)教學(xué)與研究，2013（5）.

[4][8]周華.立足語(yǔ)篇，提高首字母短文填詞解題能力[J].中小學(xué)英語(yǔ)教學(xué)與研究，2010（12）.

[5]楊延從.高考英語(yǔ)短文填詞題的命題特點(diǎn)和備考建議[J]. 山東師范大學(xué)外國(guó)語(yǔ)學(xué)院學(xué)報(bào)（基礎(chǔ)英語(yǔ)教育），2010（2）.

[6]楊延從.2012年福建省九地市中考英語(yǔ)閱讀理解題評(píng)析[J].中小學(xué)外語(yǔ)教學(xué)，2013（3）.